What is Climate First Aid?
Climate first aid is a set of immediate measures applied in emergencies caused by extreme weather conditions, such as heat stroke and hypothermia. Knowing them can make the difference between life and death, especially in regions of South America where temperatures can vary drastically between day and night or between seasons.
In this article, we explain how to identify, prevent, and respond to these two silent dangers. The information is based on recommendations from health and meteorological organizations, adapted to the South American context.
Heat Stroke: When the Body Overheats
Heat stroke occurs when the body cannot regulate its internal temperature and exceeds 40°C (104°F). It is a medical emergency that can damage vital organs if not treated promptly.
Symptoms of Heat Stroke
- Red, hot, and dry skin (no sweating)
- Intense, throbbing headache
- Dizziness, confusion, or loss of consciousness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Rapid, shallow breathing
- Fast, strong pulse
How to Respond to Heat Stroke
If you suspect someone is suffering from heat stroke, act immediately:
- Call emergency services (in South America, the number varies by country: 911 in Argentina, 131 in Chile, 190 in Brazil).
- Move the person to a cool, shaded area, preferably with air conditioning.
- Cool the body quickly: apply cold compresses to the neck, armpits, and groin; spray with cool water and fan them.
- Do not give fluids if the person is unconscious or confused, as they could choke.
- Monitor their temperature until help arrives.
Preventing Heat Stroke
- Avoid sun exposure between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.
- Wear lightweight, light-colored clothing and a hat.
- Stay constantly hydrated with water, without waiting until you are thirsty.
- Avoid intense exercise during heatwaves.
- Never leave children, older adults, or pets inside a parked vehicle.
Hypothermia: When the Body Loses Heat
Hypothermia occurs when body temperature drops below 35°C (95°F). It is common in mountainous areas, during hailstorms, or in extreme winters in Patagonia, the Puna, or southern Brazil.
Symptoms of Hypothermia
- Intense, uncontrollable shivering (in early stages)
- Confusion, disorientation, or drowsiness
- Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
- Cold, pale skin
- Weak pulse and slow breathing
- Loss of consciousness in severe cases
How to Respond to Hypothermia
If you find someone with symptoms of hypothermia, follow these steps:
- Seek medical help immediately.
- Move the person to a dry, wind-protected area.
- Remove wet clothing and cover them with blankets, dry clothes, or thermal packs.
- Offer warm beverages (without alcohol or caffeine) only if the person is conscious and can swallow.
- Do not rub the skin or apply direct heat like hot water or heating pads, as this can cause damage.
- Monitor breathing and pulse while waiting for help.
Preventing Hypothermia
- Wear multiple layers of clothing, preferably thermal and windproof.
- Protect your head, hands, and feet with hats, gloves, and wool socks.
- Stay dry: moisture accelerates heat loss.
- Avoid alcohol in cold climates, as it dilates blood vessels and speeds up cooling.
- If engaging in outdoor activities, always carry emergency gear and share your route.
Key Differences Between Heat Stroke and Hypothermia
Although both are thermal extremes, their causes and treatments are opposite. Heat stroke requires cooling the body, while hypothermia requires gradually warming it. In both cases, the speed of intervention is crucial.
In South America, phenomena like El Niño and La Niña intensify these risks. For example, during El Niño, heatwaves are more frequent in central Argentina and southern Brazil. In contrast, La Niña often brings extreme cold in Patagonia and the Puna.
Practical Tips to Stay Prepared
- Download the Contingencias app to receive real-time weather alerts about heatwaves or extreme cold.
- Put together an emergency kit with thermal blankets, water, oral rehydration salts, and a thermometer.
- Educate your family about symptoms and climate first aid.
- Check the forecast before traveling or engaging in outdoor activities.
Remember: prevention is the best tool. Knowing climate first aid allows you to act confidently and save lives. Share this information with your loved ones and always stay one step ahead of the weather.